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How is eye colour determined?

2 April 2024

The eyes of our 4-legged companions can be fascinating, not least for their variety of colours. Did you know that the colour of our companions’ irises is the result of a complex combination of genetic and biological factors? 

 

Genetic heritage 

As in humans, iris colour in animals is mainly determined by genetics. The genes responsible for eye pigmentation are inherited from the parents. So kittens and puppies can have different eye colours depending on the genetic characteristics of their parents. Certain breeds of dogs and cats are also more likely to have certain eye colours because of their genetic make-up. For example, the Siberian Husky, Australian Shepherd and Border Collie are known for their bright blue eyes. 

Melanin 

Melanin, the pigment responsible for the colour of skin, hair and irises, determines the shade of animals’ eyes. The amount and distribution of melanin in the iris influences eye colour. Animals with more melanin will have darker eyes, while those with less melanin will have lighter eyes. 

Colour variability 

Cats come in a wide variety of eye colours, from green and blue to yellow and amber. In dogs, although brown is the most common, there are also shades of blue, green and even yellow. 

The role of light 

The way light interacts with the pigments in the iris can affect the perception of eye colour. Some dogs and cats seem to see their eyes change colour depending on the lighting, going from brown to green or blue. 

Colour change: is there cause for concern? 

A sudden change in eye colour can sometimes occur. This is generally a sign of eye disease. The causes are varied: uveitis – inflammation of the iris, for example – can be the cause, as can certain iris tumours. If you notice this type of change in your companion animal, make an appointment to see your vet.  

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The importance of diet for skin and coat quality in dogs and cats

The importance of diet for skin and coat quality in dogs and cats

The skin is the body's largest organ, representing between 12% and 24% of the animal's weight, and its surface area in a dog weighing around thirty kilograms is close to one square meter. It's hardly surprising, then, that the quality and quantity of the dog's diet can have an impact on this organ, and in the event of a deficiency can lead to problems that go far beyond a simple visual appearance.  

Key nutrients for healthy skin and coat

Among the macro-nutrients, proteins play a crucial role. They provide amino acids, including sulphur amino acids, which are essential for the structure of the skin and coat. These are the main components of collagen, which gives the skin its suppleness and resistance, and of keratin, which plays a part in the effectiveness of the skin barrier. Lipids are also important; they make up the bulk of cell membranes and, in the skin, contribute significantly to the effectiveness of the cutaneous barrier. Among lipids, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids help maintain healthy skin, modulate inflammatory mechanisms and promote a shiny, soft coat.  Vitamins and minerals are also involved. Vitamin A is necessary for cell renewal, as is vitamin D, which also plays a part in the skin's natural defences. Vitamin E acts as an antioxidant, while B vitamins and biotin are essential co-factors in the synthesis of various skin elements such as ceramides, keratin and collagen. Among the minerals, zinc is involved in synthesis, protection against free radicals and immune defence mechanisms.    

Disorders linked to inadequate nutrition

Inadequate or poor-quality food can lead to skin problems in our pets. A deficiency in essential fatty acids leads to dry, flaky skin, a dull coat and brittle hair. When it's the vitamins and minerals that are in short supply, synthesis is affected, the skin barrier can be less effective and the breeding ground for infections and inflammations that can lead to itching. On the other hand, these nutritional benefits can be used to compensate for individual sensitivities and improve the quality of the skin and coat in the event of dermatological disorders or diseases.    

Conclusion

The quality of a dog's skin and the beauty of its coat are directly influenced by the quality of its diet. However, some dogs and cats have increased needs, and it is therefore necessary to provide them with greater quantities of useful nutrients. This is particularly true in the case of certain dermatological disorders, to help compensate for imbalances and accompany the medical treatments prescribed by your vet. 

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